The Third Wave

Since the 80s, punk rock has begun to deform. He was dismembered into directions that went farther from the sources. Changed not only the sound, but also the purpose of punk.

The punk rock race took post-punk. In their music appeared more professionalism, but there was no longer a riot and aggression of the 70s. Post-punk bands were striving for complication and variety in music: they tried new techniques, turned to such genres as reggae, glam and art-rock. The core of the songs is a sense of anxiety, melancholy, and sometimes mysticism. The most diverse groups enjoyed popularity, ranging from the “origins” of post-punk (Siouxsie and the Banshees, Joy Division) to performers who only experimented in this field (The Cure, Devo).

In the 80s the American and European scene was captured by hardcore punk. The Misfits, Suicidial Tendencies, Black Flag had a huge impact on heavy music. They were distinguished not only by aggression and anger at politics, but also by high professionalism of performance, which was not in punk rock.

In the 90s, unexpected commercial success comes to pop punk. Probably, this is the most famous and widespread form of punk. To him, sometimes ranked and Ramones, although they cannot be called the first pop-punk band. To mix the motives of hardcore with the ease of sounding it turned out at Buzzcocks – their main difference was the rejection of aggression and the change of mood in music. Now the inner feelings came out that were most often associated with unrequited love (singles “Jerk”, “Ever Fallen in Love (With Someone You Should Not Have”, “Autonomy”).

In the first half of the 90th glory comes to bands that are popular and collect stadiums so far: Green Day, The Offspring, and Rancid. Especially in this row were allocated Green Day – each album they brought something fundamentally new. This allowed to cause a different reaction of the audience, because everyone found what he liked and did not like. This is best shown by dozens of nominations and awards of musicians. It was Green Day that influenced other bands of the 90’s like Blink-182.

Inspired by their predecessors and young pop-punk musicians who discovered this genre for the XXI century: A Day to Remember, All Time Low, Fall Out Boy.

Why is punk rock still popular? Why are there new people ready to listen to this genre and play it? Look at the year 2017: new albums of Rancid and CJ Ramone left, they finished recording the fresh disc The Damned. Prepare a compilation with their hits Green Day, which only a year ago pleased the fans with a new full-length album.

Maybe punk rock is not just music. It is a way of life, an inner state of a person. Till now in it the form of the protest which always was familiar to young generation is expressed: opposition to the government, to the parents, the values strengthened in a society. And most importantly, it gives you the opportunity to make music yourself. You do not have to be Mick Jagger at the same time and play at the highest level. You just do what you want to do.

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After the “golden age” of rock came to an end in the late 60s, a new generation appeared, for which the stars of this time seemed not so bright. Groups such as Deep Purple, Pink Floyd, Rolling Stones have matured and have begun to distance themselves from modern youth. The new listener needed music that would express his state and feelings. Then the whole world began to change and it became clear that another split between the generations was inevitable.

The First Wave

Punk rock came out of garage rock, which was a mixture of different directions. However, this was the first “own” music of the youth – the groups expressed themselves, their views and their position, not paying attention to the masses.

Gradually, the garage rock began to separate: some bands disintegrated, some went into other musical currents. However, the desire to play a simple, unlimited music remains. That uncompromising, which was filled with garage rock, was saturated with aggression. Then there were groups that became the “sources” of punk rock, for example, MC5. They wanted to make a cultural revolution by singing about war, violence and drugs. It was a tough, antisocial challenge, aimed at being heard. Such an experiment with music has not received recognition either in society or on the part of critics. The people around said that everything they did was more than disgusting.

“One of our songs was called “To hell with bans”. We cooked up the main melody intro, where Rob Tyner yelled: “To hell with bans, fuck you!”. We knew that we were breaking taboos. What will they say to us: “God, they’re mother!” But what the fuck? It’s rock’n’roll, and it’s all a joke. But when our album came out, the censors heard it and “your mother” was removed. This completely hammered the whole MC5 company”, – Wayne Kramer, MC5 guitarist.

Then such groups were not properly evaluated. But they sparked a spark in the culture of a new musical direction.

The second wave

This spark was picked up by Iggy Pop and his band The Stooges in the late 60’s – early 70’s. Their wild antics set the tone for all the further punk rock: “I do and say that I want, and I do not care about your opinion.” Then on a scene there were new idols of youth: Talking Heads, New York Dolls, Ramones. These groups were not interested in sales (at least initially). The Ramones were the only group on which the English punks were equal – they quickly won the audience, and in many ways thanks to the shocking appearance.

The reaction was much more negative to the New York Dolls: “Malcolm (Malcolm McLaren, group manager) thought he would be the most shocking in America? In America, they are most afraid of communism, so let’s put on red and put on a red party. For the shocking effect, he installed a large flag with a sickle and a hammer behind the stage. Dolls did not sing about communism, it was done to irritate people. So it turned out, “- John Holmstrom, creator of PUNK Magazin.

But the real “punk rock revolution” burst in 1975. It was a performance by the Sex Pistols at St. Martin’s College of Art. In the intelligent and stiff England, which had an excellent musical history, the concert of such a crazy band became a shock. Nobody has seen anything like it – Sex Pistols looked like a personification of infamy and rage. Members of the group spit from the stage, could throw things, swear, shout out something to the audience. Their music was a few chords that sounded primitive, distorted and aggressive. But that’s exactly what interested young people, because they found everyday things in their songs, and the idea of a generation without a future, rejecting even the most unshakable values, looked brilliant. The situation was heated after the release of the most famous single Sex Pistols “God Save the Queen”. Then the group was denied a tour of England.

“You went to the music store and asked to listen to the Sex Pistols. But the seller did not answer you. They were just afraid to talk about this band, “- British rock musician John Robb.

All this caused an inexorable interest, which increased after the show “Today” with the leading Bill Grand. It was another demolition of conventional taboos: frontman Johnny Rotten began to swear with a mat directly from the TV screen. After this ether on the Sex Pistols, a wave of hatred surged through that some viewers began to beat the TVs and throw them out of the window.

During this period, punk rock itself began to look menacing. He expressed anarchy and nihilism in everything: pogroms were organized, boorish attitude towards people, extravagant appearance dominated. Young people opposed power, culture, the older generation and all established values. It was a response to the violence that took place in the world by violence – the very situation that prevailed in world politics at that time caused the emergence of a genre like punk rock. For eight years there was a war in Vietnam, in England people had to stand in line to receive benefits, in America the level of poverty increased. Punk was talking about people’s worries. In addition, the performers themselves were descendants of the lower strata. They were close to the youth, like no other.

Along with Sex Pistols appeared and Clash. In fact, they played in the style of Sex Pistols, but they did not scream about the problems of society. They understood that everything was bad, but at the same time they asked: “What can we do about it?”. In addition, the Clash was more neutral to the government.

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Are you aware that modern electronic music, as well as rock, psychologists attribute to aggressive non-drug drugs (the effect of the latter on the body need not be explained)?

Just a few facts

1. Scientists at the Center for Neurobiology at the University of California tested students from 36 colleges, trying to determine the level of their intellectual development. Within ten minutes of the test, students listened to Mozart’s sonata for two pianos in C major. 488. Re-testing immediately after listening showed an increase in IQ by 8-9 points.

However, after about 15 minutes the indicators returned to their previous level, but this fact allowed scientists to assume that it was immortal music that caused temporary intellectual growth. Other scientists involved in similar studies are also convinced of the magical power of music, which, with regular listening, can cause a steady increase in IQ.

One of the researchers of the phenomenon of the impact of music, Gordon Shaw, suggested that complex music somehow nourishes the brain departments responsible for abstract thinking, the departments that do not directly concern the perception of sounds and melodies.

2. Bulgarian psychologist Georgy Lozanov, along with his colleague Dr. Aleko Novakov, was engaged in research, trying to determine to what extent music affects the learning process.

By this time, American scientists Lynn Cooper and Milton Erickson have already discovered that people who listen to the sounds of a metronome in the rhythm of 60 beats per minute come to an “alpha state” – ideal for learning and memorizing.

Unaware of this fact, Lozanov and Novakov completely independently made a similar discovery, but using slow baroque music with a rhythmic size of 60-64 cycles per minute. The baroque genre was very common in Europe from 1600 to 1750.

His popularity took place after the death of one of the most outstanding composers and performers – Johann Sebastian Bach. Baroque music is characterized by a rich sound palette of scales and a clear rhythm. Lozanov and Novakov discovered that under the influence of baroque music, information is perceived and assimilated as effectively as it is when learning in a dream.

This discovery soon led to the development of a new method. According to his conditions, information – for example, phrases in a foreign language – is presented with an interval of four seconds against the background of baroque music at a rhythm of 60 cycles per minute. The first results showed that students learn from 60 to 500 foreign words a day.

Specialists from the University of Iowa decided to test the proposed method and soon succeeded: against the background of baroque music, the participants of the experiment had an increase in the memory capacity by 26%, and the speed of learning by 24%.

3. As Dr. Alfred Tomatis, a member of the French Academy of Medical Sciences, believed, ears play a key role in electrically recharging the brain.

When the electric potential of the brain begins to weaken, we experience fatigue and stupefied eyes. Like batteries, brain cells need to be recharged from time to time.

Tomatis discovered that one of the ways to recharge is to listen to high-frequency sounds – 5000-8000 Hz. According to Tomatis, the vibration of Carty cells – the hair cells of the inner ear – acts as a kind of brain generator.

Through many years of analysis, Tomatis came to the conclusion that Mozart’s music contains the greatest number of sounds of the desired frequency range, but hard rock and the smallest. He also recommends, in order to charge the brain, to listen to baroque music and Gregorian chants.

P.S. Albert Einstein first took up the violin at the age of six. By the time he was 14, he had performed the sonatas of Beethoven and Mozart and spent many hours improvising on the piano.

Throughout his life, Einstein remained a passionate violinist, turning to music during creative stagnation. About his hobbies music and physics, he said: “They both have one source and complement each other …” It is possible that Einstein’s extraordinarily powerful intellect is the result of a love for the classics.

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The term “audio”, in addition to tune, tranquility, Concert, polyphony, several and tempo, firmness additional audio conditions originate from the vocabulary that is Traditional. Old Greece tradition is broken with — this is exactly what we, particularly, understand from historic artwork and ancient literature.

Skilled music-notation surfaced towards the III millennium in Historic Greece BC there have been two parallel methods of notation icons for audio devices as well as for that speech. They each covered a bit more than three octaves. Records was a notice of different icons and the Traditional alphabet. Above the right syllables within the wording, they certainly were positioned in the event of expressive audio. Above records were additionally created notation.

From historic treatises on an audio concept, the Traditional stereo system was recognized in the Centre ages, but substance for that complete renovation isn’t enough. When archeologists discovered some pebble steel’s using audio and the wording: tombstone epitaph at Delphi near Ephesus in Turkey. One of these was initially performed in the Sorbonne in Congress.

Within the twentieth-century because of the discovered papyri within audio tracks of ancient music’s quantity is continuing to grow to sixty-one. This permitted the researchers to recreate the audio of the tunes with increased precision and to connect them to contemporary audio notation.

1. Tunes about archery and violets

The words of the tune were found on the papyrus of the 2nd millennium BC, referrals To violets and Narcissus (bouquets show love concept), in addition to archery, prediction, the virgin, and untamed monsters. Added notation. On the papyrus that is same could make pieces of the 2nd tune out: what “audio”, “mourning”, “birds”, “lady”.

2. Solo melody that is Traditional

Monuments, which documented a unique music notation icons for audio that was critical, lasted a great deal. This item was done in the AVL — tune that’s like the oboe that was contemporary. Papyrus belonged to some artist that was killed — this passing is quite complex to apply.

3. Arias of Euripides in the disasters

Two areas in the misfortune of Euripides’ “Iphigenia in Aulis” was documented on papyrus within the third-century BC was the First Ever To perform the refrain of ladies, and also the minute — primary personality, which results in compromise to Artemis prior to going towards the Greeks at Troy:

Iphigenia

Alas! Alas!

And that I am sorry concerning the flashlight of your day, Zeus, you

Future, lamps, another life

Occasionally I meant. Sorry

Oh, nice sunlight!

By passages’ series, this edition performed at shows. It’s fascinating that the tenor was meant for by both events. Along with this papyrus, that will be named Leiden (because it is saved within the Dutch town of Leiden), is famous to about five audio reports the audio of the Greek disasters.

4. Hymn that is Religious

Papyrus having a statement about the Religious hymn about the change and also the way to obtain feed was found in 1918 in the town of Occurring. The Sacred Trinity is glorified by the written text of advertisement: this really is among the earliest Religious hymns, that will be not centered on traces that are scriptural. The fragment’s primary purpose — the whole substance planet drops quiet, as the choir of angels and males praises God:

“everything… God’s venerable…

Yes quiet… Allow the lustrous personalities not…

… Flaming streams all [resources]… Whenever we perform

Dad, Son. All of the Power allow yell: Amen, Amen!

Energy, compliment [ thank ], all good’s provider.

Amen!”

5. Two pean

Where there clearly was a complex of structures focused on this Lord Apollo set-in-stone at Delphi. Recognized to the romantics Afina the writers and period of development — two millennium BC Both anthems was done in the spiritual events at Delphi towards the delegation throughout a serious embassies pilgrimages. Where he stored the choices in the Athenian people towards the Lord Apollo dish using the wording of a notation along with Peano was positioned on the surfaces of the Treasury.

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“Today, hits is the most direct art the manifestation of evil. And evil, in a General sense. Because evil has a local color. Common to any locality is stereotyped thoughts, feelings. hits — the symbol of this stereotyping. This is like canned food or a pill with an unmistakable action: hit. And this is the greatest evil: paralysis of personality, the assimilation of all. And the hit is both a product and cause of all this. There is an inverse relationship between the origin of the hit and his influence on the generation of new hits to further stereotyping. Of course, some of the mechanical positivity of the hits is: under aerobic twist hits, and it’s probably good (to twist Bach would be bad).

But basically, smash hit in the development of art is a symbol of evil.

Now on the other. Of course, that evil must attract. It should be a pleasant, seductive, take on the appearance of something easily creeping into the soul, comfortable, pleasant, anyway — fascinating. Smash hit — good mask all devilry, the way to get into the soul. Therefore, I see no other way of expressing evil in music then hits.

Negative emotions — the broken texture, broken melodic lines that Express the status, keyed, jumping thoughts is also, of course, display some kind of evil, but evil is not absolute. This evil is broken for good. Broken soul — she can be good. But she is torn and this was bad. The expression of hysteria, nervousness, anger is the expression of the disease, not the causes. But hits — closer to the cause. It is the evil that is sent as a delusion, as a test. To fight him is very difficult.

Are you talking about hits in my music? And I was surprised to listen because if I count the number of hits in my compositions and their timing, it turns out not so much. But it is “sticking” because it’s bright “infection”.

You can ask the question: “Well, why not Express well?” The fact that non-circumstantial, direct expression of goodness in music is the most difficult, and sometimes impossible. Remember the Faust Symphony of Liszt. What is it most interesting to you? “Paradise” finale — it is lean and dogmatic. But maybe the Sheet is a particular composer, prone to Satanism in music — the man who really introduced Satanism in the music.

If you remember, and in contemporary music positive not connected with the most outstanding pages. For example, if you take the Seventh or Eighth Symphony, relative to the faded pages of positive evil does not outweigh”.

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Ludwig van Beethoven. Sonata for cello and piano

For cello, Beethoven was going to write a gig and offered his friend, the composer Bernhard * deep, become the first performer. But Romberg refused, saying that only those plays cello concertos, which he wrote himself. So Beethoven no Concerto for cello, but there are five cello sonatas.

These sonatas reflect the three main stages of the composer. In the first two sonatas, one can hear a huge number of topics: in addition to basic, episodic occur — and then fade. Already in these early works, Beethoven departs from the tradition of the first and second sonatas are very unusual in form. Secondly, there is a slow part, which is simultaneously an introduction to the fast part. In the third Sonata the visible work of man in the very height of his creative powers, the great master, has not lost the freshness and love of life. To the fourth and fifth sonatas of Beethoven’s language becomes ascetic and the music more experimental. The last part of the fifth Sonata is the Fugue, which sounds like a cacophony and completely ahead of its time.

Antonin Dvorak. Concerto in b minor for cello and orchestra

From everything written for solo cello and orchestra, Concerto for cello in b minor by dvořák is the most famous. Even in the movie “witches of Eastwick” the cellist was taught by a concert of Dvorak.

The concert consists of three parts, and each of them is heard of the Slavic motifs, tone. Already finish the concert, dvořák learned the tragic news: the death of his beloved. And already finished the work, the composer writes one more page, even two or three minutes of music, codes. This PostScript has a completely different character than the preceding heroic music: he’s bravura, bright, and seem to proclaims the victory of life over death.

Edward Elgar. Concerto for cello and orchestra

This concert by the great English composer, who lived at the turn of XIX–XX centuries, is inextricably linked with the name of the great cellist Jacqueline Du Pré, prematurely departed in forty years. The most outstanding recording of the concert Elgar exists in her performance, and the product is considered to be the hallmark of all known young violin player.

In a concert of four parts, written in the florid musical language. Such a composition is rather traditional with the Symphony, whereas in the concert, usually only three parts. It’s a slow beautiful music with the same pace, so from the contractor, it requires a lot of ideas and findings. Otherwise, the music will sound difficult and tough, as the orchestra plays quite a bit, and everything rests on the soloist.

Giovanni Sollima. “Violoncelles, fibres!” and “Antidotum Tarantulae XXI”

Giovanni Sollima — our contemporary, cellist and composer. Sollima called the Jimi Hendrix of the cello in his music he combines all the genres including classic and rock. If you listen to modern cello music, be sure to start with his “Violoncelles, fibres!”. “Antidotum Tarantulae” — a work for two cellos, which consists of five parts. It is a mixture of rock, Baroque classics, ethnic music, the music of street brass bands. All this eclecticism is in total harmony in the play.

Joseph Haydn. Concerto in C major for cello and orchestra

Haydn wrote only two concerts. The most popular and often executable of them is the Concerto in C major for cello and orchestra, the manuscript notes which in 1961 or 1962, discovered in the depths of the Prague library. The concert lasts about twenty minutes and is written in a very clear, transparent language. This beautiful, upbeat music.

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The most influential American composer explains, what size should be the ideal working group.

“I have an India friend, who owns a textile factory in Ahmedabad. His name is Gautam Sharabati. Maybe you have heard about printed cotton fabrics. A magnificent exhibition of Indian textiles at the Museum of modern art organized just family Sharabati. Paris has long suffered from deadens the action of the technology, and this textile factory in India only now decided to abandon the ancient practice of creating a piece of fabric from beginning to end alone. It took some effort for collaboration — well that one man did with a piece of cloth one thing, and one another. And the result is that this piece of cloth was not the author. It was produced by a team, not even a group of individuals. The result was stunning: all felt deeply unhappy. And before that was happy.

Gautam Sharabati is a good man. He decided to deal with the problem by increasing labor productivity (ideal fix of the twentieth century): to earn money to pay my workers more and thereby make them happy. First invited Japanese experts who have studied the specificity of factory labor, but they achieved nothing. Eventually, someone appeared from the United States. This man was constantly experimenting and came to the conclusion that the two work together is difficult: the two tend to assert themselves at the expense of each other. It turns out to be a reason for divorce. Three tend to exist with two against one: two well because the third was bad. Four divided by two on two and can’t work together. As it turned out, work well together five. As well as six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven and even twelve people. They have team spirit, mutual assistance, and it is not at the expense of non-identity. Thirteen, as experience has shown, is impossible. Number thirteen fatal to the Christians, as Christ had twelve apostles.

It’s funny that the music works well with the number four. As a proof of the many string quartets. However, the Indian experience shows that the wind quintet is rallying better than the string Quartet. In the forties we have in the United States was a great “New music string Quartet.” But he quickly broke up.”

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“This is one of the four releases, we recorded in Abkhazia together with the international ethnographic project, the Sayat Nova Project. Of course, mainly in this expedition, we were interested in the music of indigenous people — Abkhazians. But a lot of effort we have made to the search for the performers of traditional music of other ethnic groups living on the territory of Abkhazia.

Our plan included the recording of folklore Hamshen Armenians and Pontic Greeks. Unfortunately, Armenian by our team failed to meet. But with the Pontiacs were more fortunate. Pontic cultural center has provided us with contacts your the only folk musician in Abkhazia, Nikolay Shingarova.

Nicholas lives in the village Chernigovka of Gulripsh district, doing housework, and in her spare time plays on the Greek lyre (stringed instrument). This is all the information that we had prior to our personal acquaintance with him. After long communication with local residents, we are the company with the taxi driver still managed to find the house Shingarova, which stood at some distance from other houses.

On the day of recording, we were lucky twice. First, in addition to Nicholas Shingarova at his home, we met his cousin, Constantine Shingarova, which although not played on folk instruments, but he knows and sings some of the Pontian songs. So instead of solo performance, we were able to record a real family Duo.

Second, dry folkloristic the recording session have failed. Shingarova brothers and all the house the family gave us a real feast whose purpose was not only music but also a pleasant pastime. So, homemade food, alcohol, good wishes and, of course, music created the special atmosphere, where we always hunt, although not everyone manages to achieve it.

On the spot recording pretty much failed to learn about the collected tunes and songs. Brothers Shingarova not experts in the field of folklore, though doubtless his native. On the question of what song we just heard, we were not able to answer more specific than “Pontic” or “vintage”. Maybe it affects the fact that both brothers were not professional musicians, and their knowledge received from their parents or older neighbors by oral tradition.

Later we turned to knowledgeable people, and we were told that all the melodies and songs collected by us, are in fact authentic Pontic folklore. Also interesting is the fact that Constantine was improvising while singing and mixing verses from different songs. Their names, therefore, given for the first line sung poetry.”

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The background

Since ancient times people knew about the impact of musical instruments on the human mood: quiet but melodious play harp, lyre, cithara, kamancha or flute made of reed, awakened the feelings of joy, love and peace, and the sound of the horns of animals (for example, the Hebrew Safarov) or metal pipes contributed to a solemn and religious feelings. Drums and other percussion, added to the horns and pipes, helping to cope with fear and woke aggressiveness and militancy. It has long been observed that cooperative play several similar instruments enhances not only the brightness of the sound, but the psychological impact on the listener — the same effect that occurs when the joint singing the same tune a large number of people. Therefore, everywhere where people settled, began to arise and unite the musicians that accompanied her battle public or ceremonial event: the rituals in the temple, marriages, burials, coronations, military parades, entertainments in the palaces.

The first written mention of such associations can be found in the five books of Moses and in the Psalms of David: in the beginning of some of the Psalms there is an appeal to the head of the choir with an explanation, which instruments should be accompanied of a text. Was your group of musicians in Mesopotamia and the Egyptian pharaohs, in Ancient China and India, Greece and Rome. In the ancient Greek tradition of the execution of the tragedies there was a special platform, on which sat the musicians, accompanied by playing the instruments the performances of actors and dancers. Called the-the elevation of “the orchestra”. So the patent for the invention of the word “orchestra” is for the ancient Greeks, though the actual orchestras already existed much earlier.

In Western culture the Association of musicians of the orchestra became known not at once. At the beginning, in the Middle ages and the Renaissance, it was called a chapel. This name was associated with belonging to a particular place, where the music performed was. Such chapel was the first Church, and then and court. And there was the village and the chapel, consisting of music-lovers. The Capella was almost a mass phenomenon. Although the level of village musicians and their instruments could not be compared with professional courtiers and temple chapels, one should not underestimate the influence of rural and later urban folk instrumental music of the great composers and European music culture as a whole. Music by Haydn, Beethoven, Schubert, Weber, Liszt, Tchaikovsky, Bruckner, Mahler, Bartok, Stravinsky, Ravel, Ligeti literally fertilized the tradition of folk instrumental music.

As well as in more ancient cultures in Europe, there existed the primordial separation of music vocal and instrumental. Since the early middle Ages ruled Supreme over all the Christian Church and instrumental music in the Church developed as a support, the support of the gospel word, which has always predominated — it is “in the beginning was the Word.” Therefore, early chapel is and the people who sing and people who accompany the singing.

At some point there is the word “orchestra”. Although not everywhere at the same time. In Germany, for example, the word established itself much later than in Latin countries. In Italy, the orchestra has always meant instrumental, not the vocal part of the music. The word orchestra was borrowed directly from the Greek tradition. Italian bands emerged at the turn of XVI–XVII centuries, with the emergence of the genre of Opera. And because of the extraordinary popularity of this genre, the word is quickly conquered the world. Thus, it is possible to tell with confidence that modern orchestral music two sources: the temple and the theatre.

And in Germany for a long time kept a medieval-Renaissance, the name “chapel.” Until the twentieth century a German court orchestras were called chapels. One of the existing oldest orchestras in the world — Saxon state (and in the past — the Saxon court) chapel in Dresden. Its history spans over 400 years. She appeared at the court of the electors of Saxony, who always appreciated beautiful and ahead in this respect of all their neighbors. Still exist and the Berlin of the Weimar Staatskapelle, as well as Over the famous court orchestra, which Richard Strauss began as Kapellmeister (conductor current). By the way, the German word “Kapellmeister” (master of the chapel) is today still sometimes used by musicians as equivalent to the word “conductor”, but more in an ironic, sometimes even a negative sense (in the sense of craftsman, not an artist).

And in those days the word was uttered with respect, as the comprehensive name of profession: “the choir Director or the orchestra who also composes music”. However, some orchestras in Germany the word is preserved as the position designation — for example, in the orchestra of the Leipzig “Gewandhaus” conductor is still referred to as “Gewandhaus-Kapellmeister”.

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